Nanotechnology has ushered in a remarkable era of technological advancement and innovation across a diverse spectrum of disciplines, spanning environmental engineering, biomedical engineering, textiles, food processing, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. However, the escalating utilization of engineered nanoparticles has raised concerns about their potential impact on living organisms and the environment, consequently designating them as emerging contaminants deserving close attention. This study, therefore, delves into the comprehensive exploration and identification of the most commonly employed nanoparticles, with a particular focus on assessing their ecotoxicological effects on the growth and survival of microorganisms. Our investigation also extends to understanding how free-swimming microorganisms differ in their biological responses compared to their attached counterparts in the presence of these nanoparticles. The outcomes of this research are poised to establish a fundamental framework for selecting nanoparticles in various applications and for the design and engineering of nanoparticles themselves. Furthermore, these findings will play an instrumental role in enhancing our treatment methodologies as needed, enabling us to harness the full potential of nanoparticles for our benefit.
